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What is Stainless Steel?

Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of iron, chromium and, in some cases, nickel and other metals.

Completely and infinitely recyclable, stainless steel is the “green material” par excellence. In fact, within the construction sector, its actual recovery rate is close to 100%. Stainless steel is also environmentally neutral and inert, and its longevity ensures it meets the needs of sustainable construction. Furthermore, it does not leach compounds that could modify its composition when in contact with elements like water.

In addition to these environmental benefits, stainless steel is also aesthetically appealing, extremely hygienic, easy to maintain, highly durable and offers a wide variety of aspects. As a result, stainless steel can be found in many everyday objects. It also plays a prominent role in an array of industries, including energy, transportation, building, research, medicine, food and logistics. 

Families of Stainless Steel

There are five families of stainless steel: ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening. These names are derived from the crystal structure of the steels, which determines their metallurgical behavior.

Ferritic

Ferritic stainless steels are plain chromium stainless steels with a chromium content varying between 12% and 18% and a low carbon content. They are magnetic and not hardenable by heat treatment.

TIÊU CHUẨN ANH		TIÊU CHUẨN TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG / THAY THẾ
Tên Inox	Số hiệu	AISI	UNS	Other US	BS	Generic/Brand
Dòng Ferritic - Popular Grades
X2CrNi12	1,4003		S40977			3CR12
X2CrTi12	1,4512	Inox 409	S40900		409S19
X6CrNiTi12	1,4516
X6Cr13	1.400	Inox 410S	S41008		403S17
X6CrAl13	1,4002	Inox 405	S40500		405S17
X6Cr17	1,4016	Inox 430	S43000		430S17
X3CrTi17	1.4510	Inox 439	S43035
X3CrNb17	1,4511	Inox 430Nb
X6CrMo17-1	1,4113	Inox 434	S43400		434S17
X2CrMoTi18-2	1,4521	Inox 444	S44400
Ferritic - Specials Grades
X2CrMnTi12	1.4600
X2CrSiTi15	1.4630
X2CrTi17	1.4520
X1CrNb15	1,4595
X2CrMoTi17-1	1,4513
X6CrNi17-1	1,4017
X5CrNiMoTi15-2	1,4589		S42035
X6CrMoNb17-1	1,4526	Inox 436	S43600
X2CrNbZr17	1.4590
X2CrTiNb18	1,4509	Inox 441	S43932			18CrCb
X2CrNbTi20	1,4607
X2CrTi21	1,4611
X2CrTi24	1,4613
X2CrMoTi29-4	1,4592		S44700			29-Thg4
X2CrNbCu21	1,4621		S44500
X2CrTiNbVCu22	1,4622		S44330
Ferritic - Heat Resistant
X10CrAlSi7	1,4713
X10CrAlSi13	1,4724
X10CrAlSi18	1,4742
X18CrN28	1,4749	Inox 446
X10CrAlSi25	1,4762

Martensitic

Martensitic stainless steels were the first stainless steels that were commercially developed (as cutlery) and have a relatively high carbon content (0.1% - 1.2%) compared to other stainless steels. They are plain chromium steels containing between 12% and 18% chromium. Alloy 410 is the basic, general purpose, and magnetic grade that is hardenable by quenching and tempering. These stainless steels can be heat treated to obtain high strength with good ductility.

Martensitic
X12Cr13	1,4006	Inox 410	S41000		410S21
X15Cr13	1,4024	Inox 420	S42000
X20Cr13	1,4021	Inox 420	S42000		420S29
X30Cr13	1,4028	Inox 420	S42000		420S45
X39Cr13	1,4031	Inox 420	S42000		420S45
X46Cr13	1,4034	Inox 420	S42000
X38CrMo14	1,4419
X55CrMo14	1.4110
X50CrMoV15	1,4116
X39CrMo17-1	1,4122
X3CrNiMo13-4	1,4313		S41500	F6NM
X4CrNiMo16-5-1	1,4418					248 SV
Martensitic Precipitation Hardened (PH)
X1CrNiMoCu12-5-2	1,4422
X1CrNiMoCu12-7-3	1,4423
X5CrNiCuNb16-4	1,4542		S17400			17-4 PH
X7CrNiAl17-7	1,4568		S17700			17-7 PH

Austenitic

Series austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. When nickel is added to stainless steel in sufficient amounts, the crystal structure changes to "austenite."

The basic composition of 300 series austenitic stainless steels is 18% chromium and 8% nickel. This enhances their corrosion resistance and modifies the structure from ferritic to austenitic.

Austenitic grades are the most commonly used stainless steels, accounting for more than 70% of production. (Alloy 304/304L followed by Alloy 316L are the most commonly specified grades by far.) They are not hardenable by heat treatment.

Austenitic - Popular Grades
X10CrNi18-8	1.4310	Inox 301	S30100		301S21
X2CrNiN18-7	1,4318	Inox 301LN	S30153
X2CrNi18-9	1,4307	Inox 304L	S30403		304S11
X2CrNi19-11	1,4306	Inox 304L	S30403
X2CrNiN18-10	1,4311	Inox 304LN	S30453		304S51
X5CrNi18-10	1,4301	Inox 304	S30400		304S15
X8CrNiS18-9	1,4305	Inox 303	S30300		303S31
X6CrNiTi18-10	1,4541	Inox 321	S32100		321S31
X4CrNi18-12	1,4303	Inox 305	S30500		305S19
X2CrNiMo17-12-2	1,4404	Inox 316L	S31603		316S11
X2CrNiMoN17-11-2	1,4406	Inox 316LN	S31653		316S61
X5CrNiMo17-12-2	1,4401	Inox 316	S31600		316S31
X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2	1,4571	Inox 316Ti	S31635		320S31
X2CrNiMo17-12-3	1,4432	Inox 316L	S31603		316S13
X2CrNiMo18-14-3	1,4435	Inox 316L	S31603		316S13
X2CrNiMoN17-13-5	1,4439	Inox 317LMN
X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5	1,4539		N08904		904S13	904L
Austenitic - Specials Grades
X5CrNi17-7	1,4319
X5CrNiN19-9	1,4315
X5CrNiCu19-6-2	1.4640
X1CrNi25-21	1,4335	Inox 310L
X6CrNiNb18-10	1,455	Inox 347	S34700		347S31
X1CrNiMoN25-22-2	1,4466	Inox 310MoLN	S31050
X6CrNiMoNb17-12-2	1.4580
X2CrNiMoN17-3-3	1,4429	Inox 316LN	S31653
X3CrNiMo17-13-3	1,4436	Inox 316	S31600		316S33
X2CrNiMoN18-12-4	1,4434	Inox 317LN	S31753
X2CrNiMo18-15-4	1,4438	Inox 317L			317S12
X1CrNiMoCuN24-22-8	1,4652
X1CrNiSi18-15-4	1,4361	Inox 306	S30600
X11CrNiMnN19-8-6	1,4369
X6CrMnNiCuN18-12-4-2	1,4646
X12CrMnNiN17-7-5	1,4372	Inox 201	S20100
X2CrMnNiN17-7-5	1,4371	Inox 201L	S20103
X9CrMnNiCu17-8-5-2	1,4618
X12CrMnNiN18-9-5	1,4373	Inox 202	S20200
X9CrMnCuNB17-8-3	1,4597	Inox 204Cu	S20430
X8CrMnNi19-6-3	1,4376
X1NiCrMo31-27-4	1,4563		N08028			Sanicro 28
X1CrNiMoCuN25-25-5	1,4537
X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7	1,4547		S31254	F44		254SMO
X1CrNiMoCuNW24-22-6	1,4659
X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7	1,4529		N08925			1925hMo
X2CrNiMnMoN25-18-6-5	1,4565
X9CrMnNiCu 17-8-5-2	1,4618
	1,3964					Nitronic 50
Austenitic - Heat Resistant Grades
X8CrNiTi18-10	1,4878	Inox 321	S32100
X15CrNiSi20-12	1,4828
X9CrNiSiNCe21-11-2	1,4835		S30815			253 MA
X12CrNi23-13	1,4833	Inox 309	S30900		309S24
X8CrNi25-21	1,4845	Inox 310S	S31000		310S24
X15CrNiSi25-21	1,4841	Inox 314	S31400
X6CrNiSiNCe19-10	1,4818		S30415			153 MA
X10NiCrSi35-19	1,4886					330
Austenitic - Creep Resisting Grades
X6CrNi18-10	1,4948	Inox 304H	S30409		304S51
X6CrNiMoB17-12-2	1,4919	Inox 316H	S31635		316S51

Duplex

Duplex stainless steel plate contains relatively high levels of chromium (between 18% and 28%) and low to moderate amounts of nickel (between 1.5% and 8%). The high corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels can be attributed to their chemical composition and balanced (duplex) microstructure of approximately equal volume percentages of ferrite and austenite.

LDX 2101® is a low nickel, nitrogen-enhanced lean duplex stainless steel with corrosion resistance similar to 304 but with much higher mechanical strength. This enables it to be used in thinner cross-sections which provide cost savings to the end user. Alloys 2304 and 2205 are the most common grades. They both exhibit outstanding resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking.

“Super” duplex grades have enhanced pitting and crevice corrosion resistance when compared with 300-series austenitic stainless steels or conventional duplex alloys. This can be attributed to the enhanced levels of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen found in these materials. Alloy 2507 is the most common “super” duplex grade.

Duplex
X2CrNiN22-2	1,4062		S32202			DX 2202
X2CrMnNiMoN21-5-3	1,4482		S32001
X2CrMnNiN21-5-1	1,4162		S32101			2101 LDX
X2CrNiN23-4	1,4362		S32304			2304
X2CrNiMoN12-5-3	1,4462		S31803/	F51	318S13	2205
			S32205
Super Duplex
X2CrNiCuN23-4	1,4655
X2CrNiMoN29-7-2	1,4477
X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3	1,4507			F61		Ferrinox 255
X2CrNiMoN25-7-4	1,441		S32750	F53		2507
X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4	1,4501		S32760	F55		Zeron 100
X2CrNiMoSi18-5-3	1,4424

Precipitation Hardening

Precipitation hardening stainless steels, like the martensitic types, can be strengthened (i.e., hardened) by heat treatment. The mechanism is metallurgically different from the process in the martensitic types. This means that either martensitic or austenitic precipitation hardening structures can be produced. These stainless steels combine high strength and hardness with corrosion resistance which is superior to that of the martensitic chromium stainless steels.

Precipitation Hardening
X1CrNiMoCu12-5-2	1,4422
X1CrNiMoCu12-7-3	1,4423
X5CrNiCuNb16-4	1,4542		S17400			17-4 PH
X7CrNiAl17-7	1,4568		S17700			17-7 PH

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